Transformasi Sistem Pendidikan Di China Melalui Analisis Kebijakan, Tantangan Implementasi, Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan
Abstract
Education plays a fundamental role in supporting national development by enhancing the quality of human resources. Over the past several decades, China has undertaken significant educational transformation through a series of sustained reforms that form an integral part of its national modernization strategy. This study examines the transformation of China's education system, the policies implemented by the government, the challenges faced during their implementation, and their contribution to improving educational quality. A qualitative approach with a library research method was employed in this study. The data were obtained from a range of academic sources, including books, scholarly journals, policy documents, and official reports, and were examined using content analysis. The findings reveal that China's educational transformation has been driven by curriculum improvement, the enhancement of teacher professionalism, stronger educational governance, broader access to education, and the effective integration of digital technology into teaching and learning activities. Despite notable progress, several challenges remain, including educational disparities between urban and rural areas, unequal distribution of qualified teachers, limitations in digital infrastructure, and increasing academic pressure on students. To address these issues, the Chinese government has continuously refined its educational policies through strategic and sustainable initiatives. These reforms have significantly improved the quality of learning, strengthened teacher competencies, enhanced student achievement, and increased the international competitiveness of China's education system. The experience of China demonstrates that consistent educational policies, long-term investment, and continuous innovation are key elements in building an adaptive, high-quality education system capable of responding to the demands of a rapidly changing global environment.
References
Ahmad Faqih Alawi1 Alfi Fitriani2, Aisyah Fathonah Shidiq3. 2008. “Studi Komparatif Sistem Pendidikan Di Jerman Dan Korea Selatan.” Dinamika Pendidikan 15(1):17–25.
Azkiyah, Sela Rizki, Gisya Aryola, dan Beny Dwi Lukitoaji. 2025. “Isu Kesenjangan Pendidikan di Daerah Terpencil: Solusi untuk Mewujudkan Pendidikan yang Merata.” Educreativa:Jurnal Seputar Isu dan Inovasi Pendidikan 1(1):121–29.
Dewi, D. A. P., T. Syamsinar, W. R. Sagita, dan F. Jeni. 2025. “Tantangan Profesionalisme Guru Di Daerah 3T (Tertinggal , Terdepan , Terluar) : Kajian Literatur Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendidikan.” Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Mahasiswa 3(4):83–95.
Dihe, Laurensius, dan Yvonne Wangdra. 2023. “Pendidikan Adalah Faktor Penentu Daya Saing Bangsa.” (September):84–90.
Dur Brutu1, Saipul Annur2, Ibrahim3. 2024. “Transformasi Administrasi Pendidikan Menuju Pendidikan Berkualitas Jambura Journal of Educational Management.” (5):295–305.
Elses Dianaa, Arfiani Yulianti Fiyulb. 2026. “Pendidikan di Negara Berkembang Membangun Kualitas dan Aksebilitas.” 1(3):382–89.
Endaryati, Sri Adhi, dan Sri Marmoah. 2022. “Analisis Kepemimpinan Pendidikan Di Indonesia Dan China Dalam Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan.” Manajemen Pendidikan 17(2):76–87. doi: 10.23917/jmp.v17i2.16530.
Fahman, Zidan. 2024. “Social Studies in Education Transformasi Sosial dalam Pendidikan Karakter di Era Digital : Peluang dan Tantangan.” Social Studies In Education 02(02):191–206.
Fikri Aditama, Hizamul, dan Dwi Frengky Stiawa. 2025. “Transformasi Mutu Pendidikan di Sekolah: dalam Menanggulangi Krisis Pembelajaran.” JME-Journal of Management in Education JME-Journal of Management in Education Edisi 1(1):2025.
Firli Fangestu, Indra Wahyuni, Siti Marpuah, Bahrissalim, dan Fauzan. 2025. “Perubahan dan Inovasi Kurikulum Pendidikan di Berbagai Negara.” Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education Management 6(1):1–20. doi: 10.21154/sajiem.v6i1.357.
Fitrohur Rohman Asathori1, Hilda Rilawati Khasanah2, Ihdaa Sabiila Faradisi3, Mambaul Ngadhimah4. 2025. “1 , 2 3 4.” (3):285–302.
Islam Ali Akbar1, Eko Handoyo 2, Fathur Rokhman3. 2025. “Kebijakan Pengembangan Mutu Pendidikan Akademi Kepolisian Dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Daya Saing Bangsa.” Crossroad Research Journal 2(6):62–69. doi: 10.61402/crj.v2i6.511.
Prayusti, A., dan Y. O. Djemat. 2024. “Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia Dalam Menyepakati Kerjasama Indonesia-China Dalam Bidang Ekonomi Digital Tahun 2023.” Global Insights Journal ….
Putra, Mujiono Sang, I. Wayan Lasmawan, I. Gusti Putu Suharta, dan I. Wayan Widiana. 2025. “Transformasi Pendidikan di Era Digital Solusi Kreatif dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pembelajaran.” Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial dan Lingkungan 3(2):68–78.
Renita Yolanda Sianipar1, Serlin Putri Handayani lase2, Asni Lase3 Gracia Sapryani Gultom4, Friska Junita Nababan5, Linda Sinaga6. 2025. “Ketimpangan Kualitas Pendidikan Antara Sekolah di Perkotaan dan di Pedesaan.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952. 7(November):14–25.
Rosdiana, Rosdiana, Fitriani Yuniar, Dewi Agustina Solihin, Aam Amaliah, dan Syamsul Anwar. 2024. “Reformasi Pendidikan Global: Membangun Sistem Pendidikan yang Responsif terhadap Perubahan Sosial dan Teknologi.” Edu Cendikia: Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan 4(03):1825–38. doi: 10.47709/educendikia.v4i03.5605.
Sidiq, Muhammad Abdullah, Agus Pahrudin, Agus Jatmiko, Koderi, dan Imam Syafe’i. 2025. “Transformasi Pendidikan Abad ke-21 melalui Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi: Sinergi antara Peningkatan Mutu dan Pembentukan Generasi Inovatif.” Didaktika Dwija Indria 13(5):764–71.
Simamora, Lisdayani, Marice Simamora, Ayu Anri Sitanggang, dan Helena Turnip. 2023. “Kompetensi Guru yang Membawa Dampak PosiSimamora, L., Simamora, M., Sitanggang, A. A., & Turnip, H. (2023). Kompetensi Guru yang Membawa Dampak Positif Terhadap Tujuan Pembelajaran Peserta Didik. Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2(1), 69–72. https:” Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial dan Humaniora 2(1):69–72.
Syahroni, Ahmad, dan Maman Suryaman. 2026. “Integrasi Berpikir Sistem dan Kepemimpinan Sekolah untuk Reformasi Pendidikan Berkelanjutan : Sebuah Tinjauan Literatur Deskriptif Kualitatif.” 02(01):4–17.
Tengku Monita Dawani1 Wan Juli Isnaini2 Putri Nopianti3 Ammar4. 2024. “Analisis Sistem, Problematika, Dan Kebijakan Pendidikan Di Brunei Darussalam Serta Perbandingan Dengan Pendidikan Di Indonesia.” Harmoni Pendidikan : Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan 1(3):20–36. doi: 10.62383/hardik.v1i3.392.
