The Relationship Between Psychological Safety and Moral Courage in Speaking Up Among Employees of Company X in Bekasi
Keywords:
Psychological Safety, Moral Courage, EmployeesAbstract
This study aims to examine the relationship between psychological safety and moral courage in speaking up among employees at a company in Bekasi. This research used a quantitative correlational approach with 200 employees as respondents, selected through convenience sampling using the Slovin formula from a population of 1,100 employees. Psychological safety was measured using the Psychological Safety Inventory (PSI) developed by Plouffe et al. (2023), and moral courage was measured using the Professional Moral Courage (PMC) scale developed by Sekerka et al. (2009). Because the data were not normally distributed, the Rank Spearman correlation was used for analysis. The results showed a significant positive relationship between psychological safety and moral courage (rs = 0.220, p = 0.002), with a weak correlation strength. No significant differences were found based on gender, but moral courage differed significantly across age groups.
References
Clark, T. R. (2020). The 4 stages of psychological safety: Defining the path to inclusion and innovation. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Comer, D. R., & Sekerka, L. E. (2018). Keep calm and carry on (ethically): Durable moral courage in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.05.011
Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological Safety: The History, Renaissance, and Future of an Interpersonal Construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305
Edmondson, A., Ferrère, A., Renerte, B., & Rider, C. (2022). Fostering Ethical Conduct Through Psychological Safety. MIT Sloan Management Review, 63(4), 39–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-236930
Ginting, J. (2019). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pekerja PT. Mara Jaya Dalam Hal Kebebasan Berserikat Menurut Undang-Undang RI Nomor 21 tahun 2000 Tentang serikat pekerja. Jurnal Hukum Kaidah: Media Komunikasi Dan Informasi Hukum Dan Masyarakat, 19(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.30743/jhk.v19i1.1907
Hong, N., Qichao, N., Dong, C., Chunling, T., Dong, P., Xinyu, L., Yu, S., Shilong, L., & Yuhuan, Z. (2023). A study on different types of moral courage and coping styles of clinical nurses: based on potential profile analysis. BMC Nursing, 22(1), 418. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01590-5
Hutahaean, E. H., & Perdini, T. A. (2023). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif: Untuk Mahasiswa Psikologi. PT. Peenda Persada Kerta Utama.
Ip, E., Srivastava, R., Lentz, L., Jasinoski, S., & Anderson, G. S. (2025). Antecedents of Workplace Psychological Safety in Public Safety and Frontline Healthcare: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(6), 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060820
James, R. W., Murphy, N., Newman, D., Dominguez, A., Kuranz, C., Merritt, E., Thomas, E., & Zweibel, E. (2025). Leveraging the merger of Healthy to Innovative (HTI) workspaces and a focus on people to boost outcomes and discovery. Physics of Plasmas, 32(8). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0268575
Kazemi, S., Gholizadeh, M., Rajaee, M., Yousefnezhad, M., & Kakhki, S. K. (2025). Presenteeism, moral courage, and moral disengagement among nurses: a cross-sectional structural equation modeling study. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 1126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03779-2
Mohammadi, F., Tehranineshat, B., Ghasemi, A., & Bijani, M. (2022). A Study of How Moral Courage and Moral Sensitivity Correlate with Safe Care in Special Care Nursing. The Scientific World Journal, 2022, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9097995
Osswald, S., Greitemeyer, T., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). What is moral courage? Definition, explication, and classification of a complex construct. In The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue. (pp. 149–164). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12168-008
Plouffe, R. A., Ein, N., Liu, J. J. W., St. Cyr, K., Baker, C., Nazarov, A., & Don Richardson, J. (2023). Feeling safe at work: Development and validation of the Psychological Safety Inventory. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 31(3), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12434
Rizaty, M. A. (2024). Hasil Survei Bentuk Perlakuan Tidak Menyenangkan yang Dialami Pekerja di Kantor. DataIndonesia.Id. https://dataindonesia.id/varia/detail/hasil-survei-bentuk-perlakuan-tidak-menyenangkan-yang-dialami-pekerja-di-kantor
Salsabila, D. R., Eliyana, A., & Sridadi, A. R. (2023). Voice Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review – A Model of Antecedents and Outcomes. Jurnal Ecodemica : Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 7(1), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.31294/eco.v7i1.14617
Saxena, A., Meschino, D., Hazelton, L., Chan, M.-K., Benrimoh, D. A., Matlow, A., Dath, D., & Busari, J. (2019). Power and physician leadership. BMJ Leader, 3(3), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2019-000139
Sekerka, L. E., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2007). Moral courage in the workplace: moving to and from the desire and decision to act. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(2), 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00484.x
Sekerka, L. E., Bagozzi, R. P., & Charnigo, R. (2009). Facing Ethical Challenges in the Workplace: Conceptualizing and Measuring Professional Moral Courage. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(4), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-0017-5
Shang, L., & Yang, L. (2022). A cross-level study of the relationship between ethical leadership and employee constructive deviance: Effects of moral self-efficacy and psychological safety climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.964787
Siswanto, W. (2022). Implikasi Politik Hukum Kebebasan Berserikat dan Hak Berorganisasi Pekerja/Buruh Dalam Produk Hukum Ketenagakerjaan Terhadap Pelaksanaan Hubungan Industrial di Indonesia. Syntax Literate; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 7(11). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v7i11.11965
Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population Research: Convenience Sampling Strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000649
The Workforce Institute. (2021). The Heard and the Heard-Nots.
Wang, F., Weng, H., Yang, P., Li, Y., Zhang, M., & Das, A. K. (2023). Can proactively confessing obtain your embrace? Exploring for leader’s pro-social rule-breaking consequences based on a self-verification perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.976678
Warren, M. A., & Warren, M. T. (2023). The EThIC Model of Virtue-Based Allyship Development: A New Approach to Equity and Inclusion in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 182(3), 783–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-05002-z
